Throughout history, the world has kept the trend of change. The world has broken the proverbial mold time after time. The people of the world have always strived for more, either a single person such as a king or a whole group of revolutionists, the world’s people have always-wanted better lives. This reoccurring theme continues throughout the time period between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. The world changed in many ways, environments changed, and people’s mentalities changed. There were advances in many aspects of life. The globe, as a whole, gradually changed with the discoveries of new worlds. Spain and England lead the pack with the control of the “new world” of North America. England also experienced a different way of ruling, changing from a monarchy to a constitutional system of government. And also the world changed its way of thinking by undergoing the Scientific Revolution. All these advancements have helped in forming the world that we live in now that is the twenty-first century.
Spain and England both successfully conquered the “new world” of North America. Spain controlled the Mexican south, and England had the thirteen colonies of the present-day United States. Although they both had land in the same region, that might have been the only comparison that could be made between the two countries. As Spain began to develop new colonies, they would violently exploit the natives of the land. The “new world” posed new opportunities. For the Spanish, these opportunities were gold and wealth.
Hernando Cortez was the leader of the Spanish conquering of the Aztec people. He did this in the name of Emperor Charles V. Cortez sent letters to Charles describing the Aztecs as friendly people that welcomed the Spanish to their land. “About one thousand of the principal citizens came out to meet me…all richly dressed alike according to their fashion…each one in approaching me, and before speaking, would use a ceremony which is common amongst them, putting his hand on the ground and afterward kissing it…” (Ziegler 107) By bowing before Cortez, the Aztecs showed their respect for him. Cortez wrote to Charles telling him of all the good qualities of the Aztec people. However, he did not tell the Aztec side of the story.
“I have heard that the Mexicans are very great warriors, very brave and terrible…but my heart is not convinced. I want to see it for myself. I want to find out if you are truly that strong and brave.”(Ziegler 114) Cortez was a proud man, and after hearing of the Aztec success in battle, he challenged them. He wanted to prove that the Spaniards were superior to the Aztecs. However, the Aztecs, although not a peaceful group, did not show any malice toward the Spanish. They gave them gifts in large quantities; the Aztecs were not under the allusion that they were superior to the Spanish. Upon hearing of the challenge of the Spanish, “Motecuhzoma was filled with terror. It was as if his heart had fainted, as if it had shriveled. It was as if he were conquered by despair.”(Ziegler 115) The Spanish showed their greed for the gold when they went to the Aztec treasure house, “…the Spaniards searched through the whole treasure house questioning and quarreling, and seized every object they thought beautiful…” Although Cortez wrote to Charles depicting the Aztecs as a peaceful people, he neglected to tell him that his men murdered the Aztec warriors during a celebration. Only after this surprise attack did the Aztecs retaliate with aggression. With the conquering of Mexico, the Spanish instilled the Catholic religion that is still in place today. And is still a major religion in all Latino countries in the Western Hemisphere.
In Connecticut, the English were also involved in warfare with natives of the land. John Winthrop writes about the Pequot War with the Indians of the land. In this war, as was the case in many others that were in the region, the English only were defending themselves from the Indians. The Pequot people were wary of the English and were worried that they would take over the food in the land. The Pequot aggressively challenged the English by recruiting the Narragansetts to side with them. However, when the Narragansetts decide to side with the English, the two groups attacked the Pequot tribe. Although the English triumphed over the Pequot, their victory was just and deserved, unlike the Spanish massacre of the Az
The English wanted to use the new American colonies as a type of machine for the mother country, having all the colonies give back to the English on a regular basis. However, the people thought of the land as opportunity in a different sense. The people in America would try and recruit many people from England to come over and live there. America was more appealing to people from the main land that wanted to express their religious desires. Two supporters of the new colonies were Rev. Thomas Welde and Gabriel Thomas, who both wrote about the good qualities of the colonies. Welde writes of the prosperity in the “native country.” He feels that the new country promotes good health. Welde also is amazed at the amount of food that he gets and the quality of it. “Mine eyes, blessed to be God, do such administration of justice in civil government, all things so righteously, religiously, and impartially carried out.” (Weldehandout, primary source) This suggests to the reader that not only is the government good in the new land, but it is so good that it is better than the conditions in England. The colonist Gabriel Thomas was another big supporter of the new life in America. Thomas writes a letter describing a life far more superior to a life in England. Thomas, as did Welde, tells readers that health in the new country is great. “Of lawyers and physicians I shall say nothing, because this country is peaceable and healthy…long may it so continue and never come occasion for the use of one or the other…”(Thomas handout primary source) Thomas is describing a land were there is no controversy or major sickness, a land that appeals to many of the people in England. “Reader, what I have written, is not fiction…but in mere pity and pure compassion to the numbers of poor laboring men, women, and children in England…”(Thomas handout primary source) This is a calling to the people of England for a better life in the new colonies
There were also reasons not to come to the American colonies. There were tales of slavery, and of indentured servants. One indentured servant, Richard Frethrone, writes about his trials and tribulations aboard a ship from the colonies. Frethrone describes a life much less appealing to life described by Thomas and Welde. “…we drink water which is but weak, and I have nothing to comfort me, nor there is nothing to be gotten here but sickness, and death…” This describes a life of the total opposite of Thomas and Welde, one that has death and sickness at every corner. Frethrone goes on to describe his lifestyle and is almost certain of his death. Needless to say, Frethrone was not a supporter of the new world. Olaudah Equiano was another example of a person who was not a supporter of the new colony lifestyle. Equiano was a native to the land who was taken from his home with his sister when he was very young. He describes the terror he encounters aboard a slave ship. Equiano sees the cruelty that the slave-masters have when he boards the ship.
Not all changes of this time were overseas; in England, a shift in government from a monarchy to a constitutional form changed the world forever. The change began when a civil war broke out between parliament and the monarchy. The people started to question the existing style of government. They wanted more rights for themselves. King Charles was taking advantage of the people, asking for more money, and abusing his powers. John Locke wrote “Of Civil Government”, this was the written basis for all constitutionalist governments from then on. Locke says that property equals power. By saying this, he starts people thinking of their own welfare. People from then on want to control their own lives. They want the right to own land and to pick and choose their leaders. Locke feels that the more property that you have then the more power you should have. “His philosophy can, in fact, be regarded as an expression of the landed cases of England in their claims against the king.” (Of Civil Government) People can’t get respect for their individual rights if they are in the state of nature; the state of nature was unstable and unsafe.
During these times of environmental and political changes, there were also changes of how people viewed what was around them and what they were previously taught. Consider Galileo Galie, he was a “true” renaissance man; he developed theories that contradicted the great Aristotle. He made people think differently, expanding their minds. He defied the conventional thought of the church. Galileo felt that religion and science were to be totally separate. The events of the Scientific Revolution changed the mindset of the world for years to come. It was not until the likes of Albert Einstein that the world was ready to think in a different manner.
All of these aforementioned events are examples of how the world was shaped between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries. The thoughts of many changed. People from that point on were more receptive to change in the future. The attitude of the people is comparable to the attitude of the people now. We are able to comprehend change, and new ideas, as the people did in these times. Much of what happened between the thirteenth and eighteenth centuries was the building blocks for the up and coming centuries.
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